Prášek z nerezové oceli 316L

Overview of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

316L is an austenitic stainless steel powder widely used in additive manufacturing to produce corrosion resistant parts with good mechanical properties and weldability. This article provides a detailed guide to 316L powder.

Key aspects covered include composition, properties, AM process parameters, applications, specifications, suppliers, handling, inspection methods, comparisons to alternatives, pros and cons, and FAQs. Tables are used to present information in an easy-to-reference format.

Composition of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

The composition of 316L stainless steel powder is:

Element	Hmotnostní %	Účel
Železo	Balance	Hlavní maticový prvek
Chromium	16-18	Odolnost proti korozi
Nikl	10-14	Austenite stabilizer
Molybden	2-3	Odolnost proti korozi
Mangan	<2	Deoxidátor
Křemík	<1	Deoxidátor
Uhlík	<0.03	Avoid carbide precipitation

The high chromium and nickel content provide corrosion resistance while the low carbon minimizes carbide precipitation.

Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Key properties of 316L powder include:

Nemovitost	Popis
Odolnost proti korozi	Excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
Síla	Tensile strength up to 620 MPa
Schweißbarkeit	Readily weldable and less prone to sensitization
Fabricability	Easily formed into complex shapes
biokompatibilita	Safe for contact with human body
Teplotní odolnost	Resistant up to 900¡«C in oxidizing environments

The properties make 316L suitable for harsh, corrosive environments.

AM Process Parameters for 316L Powder

Typical parameters for printing 316L powder include:

Parametr	Typická hodnota	Účel
Výška vrstvy	20-100 Ã×m	Balance speed and resolution
Výkon laseru	150-350 W	Podmínka tání bez odpařování
Rychlost skenování	200-1200 mm/s	Density versus build rate
Rozteč poklopů	100-200 Ã×m	Mechanické vlastnosti
Podporuje	Minimal tree/lattice	Převisy, vnitřní kanály
Izostatické lisování za tepla	1150¡«C, 100 MPa, 3 hrs	Odstranění pórovitosti

Parameters tailored for density, microstructure, production rate and post-processing needs.

Applications of 3D Printed 316L Parts

AM 316L components are used in:

Průmysl	APLIKACE
Letectví a kosmonautika	Structural brackets, panels, housings
Automotivní	Turbine housings, impellers, valves
Chemický	Čerpadla, ventily, reakční nádoby
Nafta a plyn	Downhole tools, manifolds, flanges
Biomedicína	Dental, orthopedic implants, surgical tools

Benefits versus wrought 316L include complex geometries, reduced part count, and accelerated product development.

Specifications of 316L Powder for AM

316L powder must meet strict specifications:

Parametr	Specifikace
Rozsah velikosti částic	15-45 Ã×m typicky
Tvar částice	Sférická morfologie
Zdánlivá hustota	> 4 g/cc
Hustota poklepání	> 6 g/cc
Hmotnostní průtok halou	> 23 s pro 50 g
Čistota	>99.9%
Obsah kyslíku	<1000 ppm

Custom size distributions and controlled composition available.

Suppliers of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Reputable 316L powder suppliers include:

Dodavatel	Umístění
Sandvik Osprey	Spojené království
Carpenter Additive	USA
LPW Technologie	Spojené království
Erasteel	Švédsko
Critical Materials	USA
Praxair	USA

Prices range from $50/kg to $120/kg based on quality considerations and order volumes.

Handling and Storage of 316L Powder

As a reactive material, careful 316L powder handling is essential:

• Uzavřené nádoby skladujte mimo dosah vlhkosti, kyselin a zdrojů vznícení.
• Use inert gas padding during transportation and storage
• Uzemněte zařízení, abyste odvedli statický náboj
• Avoid dust accumulation through extraction and ventilation
• Dodržujte bezpečnostní pokyny v bezpečnostním listu

Správné techniky zajišťují optimální stav prášku.

Inspection and Testing of 316L Powder

Mezi metody testování kvality patří:

Metoda	Testované parametry
Sítový rozbor	Distribuce velikosti částic
Skenovací elektronová mikroskopie	Morfologie částic
EDX	Chemie a složení
XRD	Přítomné fáze
Pyknometrie	Hustota
Hmotnostní průtok halou	Tečení prášků

Testování podle norem ASTM ověřuje kvalitu prášku a konzistenci šarží.

Comparing 316L to Alternative Alloy Powders

316L compares to other alloys as:

Slitina	Odolnost proti korozi	Síla	Cena	Možnost tisku
316L	Výborný	Střední	Střední	Výborný
17-4PH	Dobré	Vysoká	Střední	Dobré
IN718	Dobré	Velmi vysoký	Vysoká	Férová
CoCr	Férová	Střední	Střední	Dobré

With its balanced properties, 316L is very versatile for small to medium sized AM components needing corrosion resistance.

Pros and Cons of 316L Powder for AM

Klady	Nevýhody
Excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility	Lower high temperature strength than alloys
Dobře svařitelné a obrobitelné	Náchylné na pórovitost během tisku
Cost advantage over exotic alloys	Prone to thermal cracking
Může odpovídat vlastnostem kovaných materiálů	Required post-processing like HIP
Range of suppliers available	Lower hardness than precipitation hardening alloys

316L provides versatile performance at moderate cost, albeit with controlled processing requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions about 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Q: What particle size range works best for printing 316L alloy?

Odpověď: Obvyklý rozsah je 15-45 mikronů. Poskytuje dobrou sypnost prášku v kombinaci s vysokou rozlišovací schopností a hustotou.

Q: What post-processing methods are used on 316L AM parts?

A: Hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment, surface machining, and electropolishing are common methods for achieving full densification and surface finish.

Q: Which metal 3D printing process is ideal for 316L alloy?

A: All major powder bed fusion processes including selective laser melting (SLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) are regularly used.

Q: What industries use additively manufactured 316L components?

A: Aerospace, automotive, biomedical, marine hardware, chemical processing, and oil and gas industries benefit from 3D printed 316L parts.

Q: Does 316L require support structures during 3D printing?

A: Yes, support structures are essential on overhangs and bridged sections to prevent deformation and allow easy removal after printing.

Q: What defects can occur when printing 316L powder?

A: Potential defects are porosity, cracking, distortion, lack of fusion, and surface roughness. Most can be prevented with optimized parameters.

Q: What is the key difference between 316 and 316L alloys?

A: 316L has lower carbon content (0.03% max) which improves corrosion resistance and eliminates harmful carbide precipitation during welding.

Q: How are the properties of printed 316L compared to wrought alloy?

A: With optimized parameters, AM 316L components can achieve mechanical properties on par or exceeding conventionally processed wrought counterparts.

Q: What density can be expected with 3D printed 316L parts?

A: Density above 99% is achievable for 316L with ideal parameters tailored for the alloy, matching wrought material properties.

Q: What finishing is typically applied to 316L AM parts?

A: Abrasive flow machining, CNC machining, and electropolishing are common finishing processes for removing surface roughness and achieving the required tolerances.