Das beste IN939-Pulver für den 3D-Druck im Jahr 2023

Overview of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing

IN939 is a high-performance nickel-based superalloy powder designed for additive manufacturing of critical components needing exceptional mechanical properties at high temperatures. This article provides a comprehensive guide to IN939 powder for 3D printing applications across aerospace, automotive, energy and industrial sectors.

Key aspects covered include IN939 composition, properties, print parameters, applications, specifications, suppliers, handling, inspection, comparisons to alternatives, advantages and limitations, and frequently asked questions. Quantitative data is presented in easy-to-reference tables.

Composition of IN939 Powder

IN939 has a complex precipitation hardening alloy composition:

Element	Gew.-%	Zweck
Nickel	Balanse	Element der Hauptmatrix
Chrom	15 – 18	Oxidationsbeständigkeit
Aluminium	3.8 – 4.8	Ausscheidungshärtung
Titan	0.9 – 1.4	Ausscheidungshärtung
Kobalt	12 – 15	Stärkung der festen Lösung
Tantal	3.8 – 4.8	Hartmetall-Former
Kohlenstoff	0.05 – 0.15	Hartmetall-Former
Bor	0.006 – 0.012	Grain boundary strengthener

Trace quantities of zirconium, magnesium and sulphur are also added for enhanced properties.

Properties of IN939 Powder

IN939 possesses an exceptional combination of properties:

Immobilie	Beschreibung
hohe Festigkeit	Excellent tensile and creep rupture strength up to 1050¡«C
Thermische Stabilität	Strength maintained up to 1000¡«C
Creep resistance	High stress-rupture life at high temperatures
Oxidationsbeständigkeit	Bildet eine schützende Cr2O3-Oxidschicht
Widerstand gegen thermische Ermüdung	Widerstandsfähig gegen Rissbildung bei Temperaturschwankungen
Phase stability	Microstructure stable after prolonged exposures
Korrosionsbeständigkeit	Resistant to hot corrosion, oxidation, sulfidation

The properties enable use under extreme thermal and mechanical loads.

3D Printing Parameters for IN939 Powder

Typical AM processing parameters for IN939 include:

Parameter	Typischer Wert	Zweck
Schichtdicke	20-50 Ãx m	Resolution vs build speed
Laserleistung	250-500 W	Ausreichendes Schmelzen ohne Verdunstung
Scan-Geschwindigkeit	800-1200 mm/s	Density vs production rate
Abstand zwischen den Luken	100-200 Ã×m	Mechanische Eigenschaften
Unterstützungsstruktur	Minimal	Einfache Entfernung
Heißisostatisches Pressen	1160¡«C, 100 MPa, 3h	Beseitigung von Porosität

Parameters are optimized for attributes like density, microstructure, build rate, and post-processing requirements.

Applications of 3D Printed IN939 Parts

Additively manufactured IN939 components serve critical applications including:

Industrie	Komponenten
Luft- und Raumfahrt	Turbinenschaufeln, Leitschaufeln, Brennkammern
Energieerzeugung	Heißgaspfadteile, Wärmetauscher
Automotive	Turboladerräder, Ventile
Chemische Verarbeitung	Pumpen, Ventile, Reaktionsgefäße

Benefits over conventionally processed IN939 include complex geometries and reduced lead time.

Specifications of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing

IN939 powder for AM must meet exacting specifications:

Parameter	Spezifikation
Teilchengrösse	15-45 Ã×m typisch
Partikelform	Sphärische Morphologie
Anscheindichte	> 4 g/cc
Schüttdichte	> 6 g/cc
Hallenflussmenge	> 23 Sekunden für 50 g
Reinheit	>99,9%
Sauerstoffgehalt	<100 ppm

Tighter tolerances, custom size distributions, and controlled impurity levels available.

Suppliers of IN939 Powder

Reputable suppliers of IN939 powder include:

Anbieter	Ort
Sandvik Osprey	Großbritannien
Carpenter Additive	Vereinigte Staaten
Praxair	Vereinigte Staaten
AP&C	Kanada
Erasteel	Schweden
AMETEK	Vereinigte Staaten

Pricing for IN939 powder ranges from $110/kg to over $220/kg based on quality and order volume.

Handling and Storage of IN939 Powder

As a reactive powder, careful handling of IN939 is needed:

• Store sealed containers in a cool, inert atmosphere
• Prevent contact with moisture, oxygen, acids
• Verwenden Sie ordnungsgemäß geerdete Geräte
• Vermeiden Sie Staubansammlungen, um die Explosionsgefahr zu minimieren.
• Lokale Entlüftung empfohlen
• Wear appropriate PPE while handling

Proper techniques and controls prevent IN939 powder oxidation or contamination.

Inspection and Testing of IN939 Powder

IN939 powder is validated using:

Methode	Geprüfte Parameter
Siebanalyse	Korngrößenverteilung
SEM-Bildgebung	Morphologie der Partikel
EDX	Chemie und Zusammensetzung
XRD	Vorhandene Phasen
Pyknometrie	Dichte
Hallenflussmenge	Rieselfähigkeit von Puder

Testing per applicable ASTM standards ensures batch consistency.

Comparing IN939 to Alternative Alloy Powders

IN939 compares to other Ni-based superalloys as:

Legierung	Hohe Temperaturbeständigkeit	Kosten	Druckbarkeit	Duktilität
IN939	Ausgezeichnet	High	Ausgezeichnet	Niedrig
IN738	Gut	Mittel	Ausgezeichnet	Mittel
IN718	Mäßig	Niedrig	Gut	Ausgezeichnet
Hastelloy X	Ausgezeichnet	High	Mäßig	Mittel

For balanced properties and processability, IN939 supersedes alternatives like IN718 or Hastelloy X.

Pros and Cons of IN939 Powder for 3D Printing

Vorteile	Nachteile
Exceptional high temperature strength	Expensive compared to IN718
Excellent oxidation and creep resistance	Significant parameter optimization needed
Komplexe Geometrien realisierbar	Limited room temperature ductility
Faster processing than cast/wrought	Controlled storage and handling environment
Comparable properties to cast alloy	Schwierige Bearbeitung nach dem Druck

IN939 enables high-performance printed parts but with higher costs and controlled processing needs.

Frequently Asked Questions about IN939 Powder for 3D Printing

Q: What particle size range works best for printing IN939?

A: A particle size range of 15-45 microns provides good flowability combined with high resolution and density. Finer particles below 10 microns can improve density and surface finish.

Q: Does IN939 require any post-processing after 3D printing?

A: Post processes like hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment, and machining are usually needed to eliminate porosity, relieve stresses, and achieve final tolerances and surface finish.

Q: What precision can be achieved with IN939 printed parts?

A: After post-processing, dimensional accuracy and surface finish comparable to CNC machined parts can be achieved with IN939 AM components.

Q: Are support structures necessary for printing IN939 powder?

A: Minimal supports are recommended for complex channels and overhangs to prevent deformation and facilitate easy removal. IN939 powder has good flowability.

Q: What alloy powder is the closest alternative to IN939 for AM?

A: IN738 is the closest alternative in terms of balanced properties and maturity for additive manufacturing. Other alloys like IN718 or Hastelloy X have some trade-offs.

Q: Is IN939 compatible with direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)?

A: Yes, IN939 is readily processable by major powder bed fusion techniques including DMLS along with selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM).

Q: What density is achievable with 3D printed IN939 components?

A: With optimized parameters, densities over 99% are achievable, matching properties of traditionally processed IN939 products.

Q: How do the properties of printed IN939 compare to cast alloy?

A: Additively manufactured IN939 exhibits comparable or better mechanical properties and microstructure compared to conventional cast and wrought forms.

Q: What defects can occur when printing with IN939 powder?

A: Potential defects are cracking, distortion, porosity, surface roughness, incomplete fusion etc. Most can be prevented by proper parameter optimization and powder quality.

Q: Is hot isostatic pressing (HIP) mandatory for IN939 AM parts?

A: HIP eliminates internal voids and improves fatigue resistance. For less demanding applications, heat treatment alone may suffice instead of HIP.