ニオブ粉
ニオブ粉末の概要 ニオブは光沢のある白色の耐火性遷移金属で、卓越した耐熱性と非常に高い融点を持つ。粉末の状態では、優れた熱的、電気的、化学的安定性を示します。ニオブ粉末の主な特性は以下の通りです：高い耐熱性と耐火性 優れた耐食性 9.2K（-264℃）以下での超伝導 熱的・電気的安定性 中性子吸収が少ない 高密度粉末で化学的純度が高い 様々な粒子径のものが入手可能 ニオブ粉末は、その耐火性、導電性、超伝導特性が利用できる場所で使用される。主な用途は、エレクトロニクス、超伝導体、合金、耐薬品性／耐熱性部品、光学コーティング、火工品等である。ニオブ粉末の組成 ニオブ粉末の代表的な組成は以下の通り。
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Overview of Niobium Powder
Niobium is a shiny, white refractory transition metal with outstanding heat resistance and very high melting point. In powder form, it exhibits excellent thermal, electrical, and chemical stability.
Key properties of niobium powder include:
- High heat resistance and refractory nature
- 耐腐食性に優れています
- Superconducting below 9.2K (-264¡«C)
- Thermal and electrical stability
- Low neutron absorption
- High density powder with good chemical purity
- Available in various particle size ranges
Niobium powder is used where its refractory, conductive, and superconductive properties can be utilized. The major applications include electronics, superconductors, alloys, chemical/heat resistant components, optical coatings, and pyrotechnics.
Composition of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder has the following typical composition:
| エレメント | 純粋さ |
|---|---|
| ニオブ（Nb） | 99% 最低 |
| タンタル（Ta） | 最大 0.5% |
| ハフニウム（Hf) | 最大 0.01% |
| 窒素（N） | 最大0.03% |
| 炭素（C） | 最高0.05% |
| 酸素 (O) | 0.1-0.2% |
| 水素 (H) | 0.0015% max |
High purity niobium powder contains over 99% niobium metal with low impurity levels. Commercial grades have higher permissible impurities.
Properties of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder exhibits the following properties:
| プロパティ | 価値 |
|---|---|
| 密度 | 8.57 g/cm3 |
| 融点 (Yūten) | 2477¡«C |
| 熱伝導率 | 53 W/m?K |
| 電気抵抗率 | 15 Ã×´Î?cm |
| ヤング係数 | 105 GPa |
| ポアソン比 | 0.40 |
| 引張強度 | 550 MPa |
| 圧縮強さ | 200 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 600 HV |
Niobium has extremely high melting point and very good conductivity. It offers high strength at low and high temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature is 9.2K.
Production Methods for Niobium Powder
Niobium powder can be produced by methods like:
- Hydriding-Dehydriding?- Niobium ingots crushed into coarse powder and hydrided. The niobium hydride is vacuum dehydrided and milled into fine powder.
- Calciothermic Reduction?- Reduction of niobium oxide with calcium followed by consolidation and crushing to powder.
- 電気分解?- Molten salt electrolysis of niobium oxide to produce niobium sponge which is crushed into powder.
- Carbon Reduction?- Niobium oxide is reduced with carbon and processed into powder.
The hydriding process is most common but carbon and electrothermal reduction offer higher purity powder.
Applications of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder is used in the following major applications:
- エレクトロニクス?- Capacitors, superconducting radio frequency cavities, Josephson junctions, integrated circuits.
- Metal Alloys?- Added to steels and nickel-based alloys for strength and heat resistance.
- コーティングと塗料?- Used in conductive coatings, spark-resistant paints, optical coatings.
- 溶接?- As filler material for stainless steel, nickel alloys, and refractory metals.
- 化学工業?- Components like heat exchangers, reactors vessels utilizing niobium’s stability.
- 花火?- As fuel and oxidizer in pyrotechnic formulations.
Specifications of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder is available under various specifications:
- Purity Grades?- From commercial purity to ultra high purity (99.99%) based on impurities.
- 粒子径?- Ranging from 1 micron to 150 microns for various applications.
- 形態?- Irregular, spherical, nodular and flaked powder shapes.
- 表面積?- From low surface area up to high surface area powder grades.
- 酸素含量?- Low oxygen fine powder grades also available.
- Custom Grades?- Customer specific particle characteristics and purity.
Global Suppliers of Niobium Powder
Some of the major global niobium powder suppliers include:
- H.C. Starck (Germany)
- CBMM (Brazil)
- Niobec (Canada)
- ESPI Metals (USA)
- Continental Steel & Tube (USA)
- ZhuZhou Oriental Powder Metallurgy (China)
These companies produce various niobium powder grades using different production methods at commercial to high purity levels.
Pricing of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder prices depend on factors like:
- Purity Grade?- From $50/kg for commercial purity to over $500/kg for ultra high purity grades.
- 粒子サイズ?- Nanoscale and sub-micron powders are higher priced.
- 形態?- Spherical and smooth powders command premium pricing.
- 数量?- Prices reduce for bulk quantities due to economy of scale.
- メーカー?- Major global suppliers offer more competitive pricing.
- 地理?- Prices vary in different world regions.
Storage and Handling of Niobium Powder
Niobium powder requires controlled storage and handling to:
- Prevent exposure to air and moisture to minimize oxidation
- Avoid ignition and explosion hazards from fine powder
- Use appropriate ventilation and respiratory protection during handling
- Follow precautions in Safety Data Sheet from supplier
- Store sealed containes in a cool, dry place away from incompatibles
Inert gas glove boxes, proper grounding and PPE should be used when handling niobium powder.
Inspection and Testing of Niobium Powder
The following inspections and tests are typically performed on niobium powder:
- Chemical Analysis?- Inductively coupled plasma or X-ray fluorescence techniques used for composition and purity check.
- Particle Size Testing?- Carried out as per ASTM B822 standard using laser diffraction technique.
- 形態?- Scanning electron microscopy used for determining shape and surface area.
- Specific Surface Area?- BET gas absorption method used for measuring surface area per unit mass.
- Impurities Testing?- ICP-MS used to quantify levels of tantalum, oxygen, nitrogen and other impurities.
- Powder Flow?- Tested using Hall flowmeter as per ASTM B213 standard.
Comparison of Niobium and Tantalum Powder
Niobium and tantalum powders are two similar refractory metal powders compared:
| パラメータ | ニオブ粉 | タンタル粉末 |
|---|---|---|
| 密度 | 8.57 g/cm3 | 16.6 g/cm3 |
| 融点 (Yūten) | 2477¡«C | 2996¡«C |
| 電気抵抗率 | 15 Ã×´Î.cm | 13 Ã×´Î.cm |
| 引張強度 | 550 MPa | 400 MPa |
| 抗酸化性 | 中程度 | より良い |
| 利用料 | 下げる | 上 |
| アプリケーション | Alloys, capacitors | Medical, electronics |
Tantalum has higher density, melting point, and better oxidation resistance but is more expensive than niobium.
Niobium Powder FAQs
Q: How is niobium powder produced?
A: The main production methods for niobium powder are hydriding-dehydriding, calciothermic reduction, electrolysis, and carbon reduction of niobium oxide sources.
Q: What is niobium powder used for?
A: Major applications of niobium powder include electronics, metal alloys, coatings, chemical industry, welding, pyrotechnics, and superconductors.
Q: What is the typical niobium powder size for thermal spray coatings?
A: For thermal spray processes, niobium powder is typically used in particle size ranges of 45-150 microns. Finer powder can lead to oxidation issues.
Q: Is niobium powder flammable or explosive?
A: Yes, like other finely divided metals, niobium powder can potentially be flammable or explosive. Proper precautions are needed for safe handling and storage.
Q: Where can I buy high purity niobium powder for superconducting applications?
A: Ultra high purity (99.99%) niobium powder suitable for superconducting applications can be purchased from major suppliers including HC Starck, CBMM, and ESPI Metals.
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