Best IN738 powder for 3D printing in 2023

Overview of IN738 Powder for 3D Printing

IN738 is a nickel-based superalloy powder that is widely used for additive manufacturing of high-performance metal parts. It combines excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures with processability, making it an ideal choice for 3D printingaerospace and industrial components.

This article provides a comprehensive guide to IN738 alloy powder for 3D printing applications. It covers composition, properties, print parameters, applications, specifications, suppliers, handling, inspection, comparisons, pros and cons, and frequently asked questions about IN738 powder. Key information is presented in easy-to-reference tables.

Composition of IN738 Powder

IN738 has a precipitation hardening alloy composition containing various solute elements:

Elemento	% do Peso	Objetivo
Níquel	Equilíbrio	Matrix element provides corrosion resistance
Cromo	15 – 17	Resistência à oxidação
Alumínio	3.4 – 4.4	Endurecimento por precipitação
Titânio	3.2 – 4.2	Endurecimento por precipitação
Ferro	12.5 max	Solid solution strengthening
Cobalto	8.5 – 10	Solid solution strengthening
Molibdênio	1.5 – 2.5	Creep strengthening
Tântalo	1 – 2	Endurecimento por precipitação
Carbono	0.11 max	Formador de metal duro

Trace amounts of boron, zirconium and magnesium are also added for grain structure control.

Properties of IN738 Powder

IN738 exhibits the following key properties:

Propriedade	Descrição
alta resistência	Excellent tensile and creep rupture strength up to 750¡«C
Estabilidade térmica	Strength and hardness maintained up to 700¡«C
Resistência à oxidação	Forms protective Cr2O3 oxide scale
Thermal fatigue resistance	Resists cracking during thermal cycling
Resistência à corrosão	High resistance to hot corrosion and oxidation
Processabilidade	Readily weldable using matching filler material

The properties make it suitable for hot section aerospace components exposed to extreme stresses.

3D Printing Parameters for IN738 Powder

Optimized print parameters are needed to process IN738 powder:

Parâmetro	Valor típico	Objetivo
Layer thickness	20-50 µm	Thinner layers improve resolution
Potência do laser	180-500 W	Melting condition without evaporation
Velocidade de digitalização	800-1600 mm/s	Balances density and build time
Espaçamento da escotilha	50-200 Ã×m	Density and mechanical properties
Estrutura de suporte	Mínimo	Ease of removal, surface finish
Inert gas	Argon	Prevent oxidation during printing

Parameter selection depends on factors like build geometry, mechanical requirements, surface finish needs and orientation.

Applications of 3D Printed IN738 Parts

Additively manufactured IN738 components serve critical applications in:

Indústria	Componentes
Aeroespacial	Turbine blades, combustors, exhaust parts
Geração de energia	Hot gas path parts, heat exchangers
Automotivo	Turbocharger wheels, valves
Processamento químico	Pumps, valves, casings

Benefits over cast/wrought IN738 include complex geometries, reduced lead time and buy-to-fly ratio.

Specifications of IN738 Powder for 3D Printing

IN738 powder is commercially available meeting composition and quality specifications:

Parâmetro	Especificação
Intervalo de tamanho de partícula	15-45 ×m típico
Formas das Partículas	Morfologia esférica
Densidade Aparente	> 4 g/cc
Densidade de Batida	> 6 g/cc
Vazão de fluxo do corredor	> 23 segundos para 50 g
Pureza	>99,9%
Conteúdo de oxigênio	<300 ppm

Other size ranges, purities, and tighter tolerances are possible for specific applications.

Suppliers of IN738 Powder

Reputable IN738 powder vendors include:

Fornecedor	Localização
Praxair	Estados Unidos
Carpenter Carpenter Pó Produtos	Estados Unidos
Sandvik Osprey	Reino Unido
Erasteel	Suécia
AMETEK	Estados Unidos
Tecnologia LPW	Reino Unido

Pricing ranges from $90/kg to $220/kg based on quality, size distribution and order quantity.

Handling and Storage of IN738 Powder

As a reactive metal, IN738 powder requires controlled handling:

• Store sealed containers in a cool, dry inert gas environment
• Avoid contact with moisture, acids and oxidizing agents
• Use conductive containers and transfer equipment
• Aterre o equipamento para dissipar cargas estáticas
• Minimize dust generation and accumulation
• Recomenda-se ventilação local com exaustão
• Follow safety data sheet precautions

Proper storage and handling prevents property changes or hazards.

Inspection and Testing of IN738 Powder

Quality testing methods for IN738 powder include:

Método	Parâmetros testados
Análise granulométrica	Distribuição de Tamanho de Partícula
Difração a laser	Distribuição de Tamanho de Partícula
imagens SEM	Particle morphology and microstructure
EDX/XRF	Química e composição
XRD	Fases presentes
Picnometria	Densidade
Vazão de fluxo do corredor	Fluidez do pó

Testing as per applicable ASTM standards ensures batch-to-batch consistency.

Comparing IN738 to Alternative Alloy Powders

IN738 compares to other Ni-based superalloys as:

Liga	Resistência à oxidação	Custo	Capacidade de impressão	Soldabilidade
IN738	Excelente	Médio	Excelente	Bom
IN718	Médio	Baixo	Razoável	Excelente
Haynes 282	Excelente	Muito alto	Bom	Limitada
Inconel 625	Bom	Médio	Excelente	Excelente

For printability and performance, IN738 provides the best balance compared to alternatives like IN718 or Haynes 282.

Pros and Cons of IN738 Powder

Prós	Contras
Excellent strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures	More expensive than IN718 alloy powder
Readily weldable using matching filler	Lower room temperature tensile ductility
Widely validated for AM processes	Requires hot isostatic pressing to relieve stresses
Performance comparable/superior to cast IN738	Controlled atmosphere storage and handling needed
Possibilidade de geometrias complexas	Limited high temperature creep strength

IN738 enables outstanding performance for critical hot section parts but is costlier than other Ni-superalloy options.

Frequently Asked Questions about IN738 Powder for 3D Printing

Here are some common FAQs about IN738 powder:

Q: What particle size is recommended for printing IN738?

A: 15-45 microns is the typical size range used, providing good flowability along with high resolution and density. Finer particles below 10 microns can improve density and surface finish.

Q: What makes IN738 suitable for 3D printing?

A: Key factors are its printability, mechanical properties, weldability, and prior usage in conventional processes that aid validation. IN738 was designed for wrought processing, making it readily adaptable to additive manufacturing.

Q: What post processing is required for IN738 printed parts?

A: Post processes like hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment, and machining are usually needed to relieve stresses and achieve the required dimensions, surface finish, and final properties.

Q: Are support structures necessary for printing IN738?

A: Minimal support structures are recommended to avoid difficult removal from complex surfaces and channels. The spherical IN738 powder flows well and does not require extensive supports.

Q: What are the alternatives to IN738 powder for 3D printing?

A: Key alternatives are IN718, IN625, Hastelloy X, Haynes 282, Mar-M247, and C263. However, IN738 provides the best all-round properties for performance and manufacturability.

Q: What density is achievable with 3D printed IN738 components?

A: Densities over 99% are readily achieved for IN738 with optimized 3D printing parameters. This matches the properties of traditionally processed wrought or cast IN738 products.

Q: Can IN738 parts be machined after 3D printing?

A: Yes, machining processes like turning, drilling and milling can be used for better surface finish and accuracy. Suitable tooling parameters are required for machining precipitation hardened IN738 material.

Q: What is the typical surface roughness of as-printed IN738 parts?

A: Surface roughness (Ra) values of around 8-16 microns are typical but can be further improved using machining and other finishing processes.

Q: Does IN738 require hot isostatic pressing (HIP) after 3D printing?

A: HIP helps relieve internal stresses and achieve 100% density but is not mandatory. For non-critical applications, post-process heat treatment may suffice.

Q: What are common 3D printing defects observed with IN738?

A: Defects like porosity, cracking, distortion, incomplete fusion and surface roughness can occur but are mitigated by optimized parameters and procedures.