Порошок из нержавеющей стали 316L

Overview of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

316L is an austenitic stainless steel powder widely used in additive manufacturing to produce corrosion resistant parts with good mechanical properties and weldability. This article provides a detailed guide to 316L powder.

Key aspects covered include composition, properties, AM process parameters, applications, specifications, suppliers, handling, inspection methods, comparisons to alternatives, pros and cons, and FAQs. Tables are used to present information in an easy-to-reference format.

Composition of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

The composition of 316L stainless steel powder is:

Элемент	Весовые %	Цель
Железо	Баланс	Principal matrix element
Хром	16-18	Коррозионная стойкость
Никель	10-14	Austenite stabilizer
Молибден	2-3	Коррозионная стойкость
Марганец	<2	Deoxidizer
Кремний	<1	Deoxidizer
Углерода	<0.03	Avoid carbide precipitation

The high chromium and nickel content provide corrosion resistance while the low carbon minimizes carbide precipitation.

Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Key properties of 316L powder include:

Имущество	Описание
Коррозионная стойкость	Excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
Сила	Tensile strength up to 620 MPa
Свариваемость	Readily weldable and less prone to sensitization
Fabricability	Easily formed into complex shapes
биосовместимостью	Safe for contact with human body
Temperature resistance	Resistant up to 900¡«C in oxidizing environments

The properties make 316L suitable for harsh, corrosive environments.

AM Process Parameters for 316L Powder

Typical parameters for printing 316L powder include:

Параметр	Typical value	Цель
Layer height	20-100 Ã×m	Balance speed and resolution
Laser power	150-350 W	Melting condition without vaporization
Scan speed	200-1200 mm/s	Density versus build rate
Hatch spacing	100-200 Ã×m	Mechanical properties
Supports	Minimal tree/lattice	Overhangs, internal channels
Hot isostatic pressing	1150¡«C, 100 MPa, 3 hrs	Eliminate porosity

Parameters tailored for density, microstructure, production rate and post-processing needs.

Applications of 3D Printed 316L Parts

AM 316L components are used in:

Промышленность	ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ
Аэрокосмическая отрасль	Structural brackets, panels, housings
Автомобильный	Turbine housings, impellers, valves
Химический	Pumps, valves, reaction vessels
Нефть и газ	Downhole tools, manifolds, flanges
Биомедицина	Dental, orthopedic implants, surgical tools

Benefits versus wrought 316L include complex geometries, reduced part count, and accelerated product development.

Specifications of 316L Powder for AM

316L powder must meet strict specifications:

Параметр	Спецификация
Диапазон размеров частиц	15-45 Ã×m typical
Форма частиц	Spherical morphology
Кажущаяся плотность	> 4 g/cc
Плотность при утрамбовке	> 6 g/cc
Скорость потока холла	> 23 sec for 50 g
Чистота	>99.9%
Содержание кислорода	<1000 ppm

Custom size distributions and controlled composition available.

Suppliers of 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Reputable 316L powder suppliers include:

Поставщик	Местоположение
Sandvik Osprey	Соединённое Королевство
Carpenter Additive	США
Технология LPW	Соединённое Королевство
Эрасталь	Швеция
Critical Materials	США
Praxair	США

Prices range from $50/kg to $120/kg based on quality considerations and order volumes.

Handling and Storage of 316L Powder

As a reactive material, careful 316L powder handling is essential:

• Store sealed containers away from moisture, acids, ignition sources
• Use inert gas padding during transportation and storage
• Ground equipment to dissipate static charges
• Avoid dust accumulation through extraction and ventilation
• Follow safety data sheet precautions

Proper techniques ensure optimal powder condition.

Inspection and Testing of 316L Powder

Quality testing methods include:

Метод	Parameters Tested
Гранулометрический анализ	Распределение размера частиц
Сканирующая электронная микроскопия	Particle morphology
EDX	Chemistry and composition
XRD	Phases present
Pycnometry	Плотность
Скорость потока холла	Текучесть порошка

Testing per ASTM standards verifies powder quality and batch consistency.

Comparing 316L to Alternative Alloy Powders

316L compares to other alloys as:

Сплав	Коррозионная стойкость	Сила	Цена	Возможность печати
316L	Отличный	Средний	Средний	Отличный
17-4PH	Хорошо	Высок	Средний	Хорошо
IN718	Хорошо	Очень высокий	Высок	Справедливо
CoCr	Справедливо	Средний	Средний	Хорошо

With its balanced properties, 316L is very versatile for small to medium sized AM components needing corrosion resistance.

Pros and Cons of 316L Powder for AM

Преимущества	Минусы
Excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility	Lower high temperature strength than alloys
Легко свариваемый и обрабатываемый.	Susceptible to porosity during printing
Cost advantage over exotic alloys	Prone to thermal cracking
Can match wrought material properties	Required post-processing like HIP
Range of suppliers available	Lower hardness than precipitation hardening alloys

316L provides versatile performance at moderate cost, albeit with controlled processing requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions about 316L Stainless Steel Powder

Q: What particle size range works best for printing 316L alloy?

A: A typical range is 15-45 microns. It provides good powder flowability combined with high resolution and density.

Q: What post-processing methods are used on 316L AM parts?

A: Hot isostatic pressing, heat treatment, surface machining, and electropolishing are common methods for achieving full densification and surface finish.

Q: Which metal 3D printing process is ideal for 316L alloy?

A: All major powder bed fusion processes including selective laser melting (SLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) are regularly used.

Q: What industries use additively manufactured 316L components?

A: Aerospace, automotive, biomedical, marine hardware, chemical processing, and oil and gas industries benefit from 3D printed 316L parts.

Q: Does 316L require support structures during 3D printing?

A: Yes, support structures are essential on overhangs and bridged sections to prevent deformation and allow easy removal after printing.

Q: What defects can occur when printing 316L powder?

A: Potential defects are porosity, cracking, distortion, lack of fusion, and surface roughness. Most can be prevented with optimized parameters.

Q: What is the key difference between 316 and 316L alloys?

A: 316L has lower carbon content (0.03% max) which improves corrosion resistance and eliminates harmful carbide precipitation during welding.

Q: How are the properties of printed 316L compared to wrought alloy?

A: With optimized parameters, AM 316L components can achieve mechanical properties on par or exceeding conventionally processed wrought counterparts.

Q: What density can be expected with 3D printed 316L parts?

A: Density above 99% is achievable for 316L with ideal parameters tailored for the alloy, matching wrought material properties.

Q: What finishing is typically applied to 316L AM parts?

A: Abrasive flow machining, CNC machining, and electropolishing are common finishing processes for removing surface roughness and achieving the required tolerances.